Observation and study on the whole process of cloud-to-ground lightning using narrowband radio interferometer     

GuangShu Zhang  YuXiang Zhao  XiuShu Qie  Tong Zhang  YanHui Wang  ChengPin Chen 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,51(5):694-708

A narrowband radio interferometer has been developed and used to locate the entire sources of VHF radiations from a negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharge which contains 19 strokes. This system uses five antennas to form an array consisting of short- and long-baselines along two or- thogonal directions. The system error which comes from frequency conversion is reduced by phase detection through direct high frequency amplifying. An interactive graphic analysis procedure is used to remove the fringe ambiguities which exist inherently in interferometry and to determine the direction of lightning radiation sources in two dimensions (azimuth and elevation) as a function of time at a time resolution of microsecond orders. With the developed system, the whole progression process in time and space of a lightning flash can be reconstructed. In this paper, combining the synchronous data of electric filed change and VHF radiation, the whole processes of an example negative CG flash have been studied in detail. It is found that the preliminary breakdown event of the CG flash started from negative charge region and exhibited firstly a downward pregression and then an upward propagation. There were very intense and continuous radiations during stepped leaders which became much stronger when the first return stroke began. In contrast, there were less and only discrete radiations during dart leaders. Stepped leader and dart leader may transform to each other depending on the state of the ionization of the path. The progression speed of initial stepped leaders was about 105 ms?1, while that was about 4.1×106 and 6.0×106 ms?1 for dart leaders and dart-stepped leaders, respectively. M events produced hook-shaped field changes accompanied by active burst of radiations at their begin- nings. Followed these active radiation processes, M events appeared to contact finally into conducting main discharge channels. The mean progression speed of M events was about 7×107 ms?1, greater than that of the dart leaders and dart-step leaders. K events and attempted leaders were essentially the same as dart leaders except that they could not reach the ground and initiate return strokes.  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of strong ground motion for the <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript>8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Wei Zhang  Yang Shen  XiaoFei Chen 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,51(12):1673-1682

The Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 is the most destructive earthquake in China in the past 30 years in terms of property damage and human losses. In order to understand the earthquake process and the geo-morphological factors affecting the seismic hazard, we simulated the strong ground motion caused by the earthquake, incorporating three-dimensional (3D) earth structure, finite-fault rupture, and realistic surface topography. The simulated ground motions reveal that the fault rupture and basin structure control the overall pattern of the peak ground shaking. Large peak ground velocity (PGV) is distributed in two narrow areas: one with the largest PGV values is above the hanging wall of the fault and attributed to the locations of fault asperities and rupture directivity; the other is along the northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin and caused by both the directivity of fault rupture and the amplification in the thick sediment basin. Rough topography above the rupture fault causes wave scattering, resulting in significantly larger peak ground motion on the apex of topographic relief than in the valley. Topography and scattering also reduce the wave energy in the forward direction of fault rupture but increase the PGV in other parts of the basin. These results suggest the need for a localized hazard assessment in places of rough topography that takes the topographic effects into account. Finally, had the earthquake started at the northeast end of the fault zone and ruptured to the southwest, Chengdu would have suffered a much stronger shaking than it experienced on 12 May, 2008. Supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. EAR 0738779 and OCE 0727919), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418404), and partially by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40521002)  相似文献   

Focal depths for moderate-sized aftershocks of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake and their implications     

《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,(12)

Sliding-window cross-correlation method is firstly adopted to identify sPn phase, and to constrain focal depth from regional seismograms, by measuring the time separation between sPn and Pn phases. We present the focal depths of the 17 moderate-sized aftershocks (MS≥5.0) of the Wenchuan MS8.0 earth-quake, using the data recorded by the regional seismic broadband networks of Shaanxi, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and Sichuan. Our results show focal depths of aftershocks range from 8 to 20 km, and tend to cluster at two average depths, separate at 32.5°N, i.e., 11 km to the south and 17 km to the north, indicating that these aftershocks are origin of upper-to-middle crust. Combined with other results, we suggest that the Longmenshan fault is not a through-going crustal fault and the Pingwu-Qingchuan fault may be not the northward extension of the Longmenshan thrust fault.  相似文献   

Modeling the dynamic process of tsunami earthquake by liquid-solid coupling model     

蔡永恩  赵志栋 《地震学报(英文版)》2008,21(6):598-607

Tsunami induced by earthquake is an interaction problem between liquid and solid.Shallow-water wave equation is often used to modeling the tsunami,and the boundary or initial condition of the problem is determined by the displacement or velocity field from the earthquake under sea floor,usually no interaction between them is consid-ered in pure liquid model.In this study,the potential flow theory and the finite element method with the interaction between liquid and solid are employed to model the dynamic processes of the earthquake and tsunami.For model-ing the earthquake,firstly the initial stress field to generate the earthquake is set up,and then the occurrence of the earthquake is simulated by suddenly reducing the elastic material parameters inside the earthquake fault.It is dif-ferent from seismic dislocation theory in which the relative slip on the fault is specified in advance.The modeling results reveal that P,SP and the surface wave can be found at the sea surface besides the tsunami wave.The surface wave arrives at the distance of 600 km from the epicenter earlier than the tsunami 48 minutes,and its maximum amplitude is 0.55 m,which is 2 times as large as that of the sea floor.Tsunami warning information can be taken from the surface wave on the sea surface,which is much earlier than that obtained from the seismograph stations on land.The tsunami speed on the open sea with 3 km depth is 175.8 m/s,which is a little greater than that pre-dicted by long wave theory,(gh)1/2=171.5 m,and its wavelength and amplitude in average are 32 km and 2 m,respectively.After the tsunami propagates to the continental shelf,its speed and wavelength is reduced,but its amplitude become greater,especially,it can elevate up to 10 m and run 55 m forward in vertical and horizontal directions at sea shore,respectively.The maximum vertical accelerations at the epicenter on the sea surface and on the earthquake fault are 5.9 m/s2 and 16.5 m/s2,respectively,the later is 2.8 times the former,and therefore,sea water is a good shock  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of dynamic Coulomb stress changes induced by M6.5 earthquake in Wuding, Yunnan and its relationship with aftershocks     

虎雄林  吴小平  杨润海  付虹  胡家富  黄雍 《地震学报(英文版)》2008,(1)

Based on the discrete wavenumber method, we calculate the fields of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes and static stress changes caused by M6.5 earthquake in Wuding, and study their relationship with the subsequent after- shocks. The results show that the spatial distribution patterns of the positive region of dynamic stress peak value and static stress peak value are similarly asymmetric, which are basically identical with distribution features of aftershock. The dynamic stress peak value and the stati...  相似文献   

云南年度危险区预测能力的统计分析     

付虹  刘丽芳  赵小艳  毛惠玲  李永莉 《地震》2008,28(4):68-79

通过对云南省地震局1989—2006年度地震趋势研究报告中年度预测水平、 危险区圈定和实际发生地震情况等统计分析, 结果显示云南地区每年发生2.8组M≥5地震, 3年发生2组M≥6地震, 发震的自然概率较高, 1989年以来年度地震活动水平预测为M≥6的对应率较高, 达到了56%。 危险区的预测不能用异常数量的多少来判定, 对于M≥6地震, 应用4级地震频度增长显著的区域和高水位异常区域等指标能更好的预测危险区。 5级地震在云南地区有的时候异常出现最多就是2～3个月就发震, 年度很难用异常判断级地震的危险区, 但5级地震也存在10年左右的主体活动地区迁移现象, 利用主体活动地区的特征可以提高5级地震发生区域的预测能力。 年度应重点跟踪M≥6地震, 由于云南地区6级以上地震发生前中小地震活动增长和前兆异常出现后, 对应地震的时间从几个月到3年不等, 但半年尺度前兆异常数量增加显著, 因此在看到地震活动增强后动态跟踪前兆的变化, 采用长、 中、 短、 临渐进式的预报方式, 仍然是目前提高地震预报效能最有效的途径。  相似文献   

利用重复地震研究广东阳江地区地壳介质变化   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

叶秀薇  闻则刚  刘锦  杨马陵  胡秀敏 《地震》2008,28(4):103-111

利用射线追踪方法对广东阳江地区的重复地震进行位置归一处理, 提高走时精度以达到观测地壳介质变化的目的。 文中计算了阳江地区2002年1月至2007年9月M_L≥2.0重复地震序列经射线追踪法校正后的P波走时差。 结果显示, 在2004年阳江4.9级地震前信宜台、 湛江台、 肇庆台的记录观察到该地区短期的地壳介质速度明显升高的现象。  相似文献   

Ionospheric perturbations before Pu’er earthquake observed on DEMETER     

朱荣  杨冬梅  荆凤  杨俊英  欧阳新艳 《地震学报(英文版)》2008,21(1):77-81

A destructive shock with magnitude of 6.3 occurred on 2 June 2007 at 21h34min56s UT in Pu’er region (23.0°N, 101.1°E), Yunnan Province, China. The data from DEMETER satellite during the period from 23 May to 2 June, i.e., ten days before the earthquake and one day just on the day of earthquake occurrence, were analyzed. Among the 284 orbits of DEMETER during the period, 29 orbits with the trace passing through the region within 1 888 km from the epicenter were selected to be studied. Seven anomalous events were found on the dataset of the seven orbits among the 29 ones. There existed synchronous perturbations on the variations of the spectrogram of the electric field and the variations of the density and temperature of the ions and electron, in contrast with the variations of its surround- ing area. And five events appeared in the space within 1 888 km from the epicenter while the other two were out of the studied area. Electrostatic turbulences were also recorded with the synchronous perturbations with that in the electron density and ions density in plasma in the region near the epicenter in the five events, which seems to sug- gest that there be some physical relation between these events and the preparation processes of Pu’er earthquake.  相似文献   

双差地震定位法在山西中小地震精确定位中的初步应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

靳玉科  范瑾  赵虎明  宋美琴  张玲  董春丽 《山西地震》2008,(4)

采用双差地震定位法对山西省内2001-2005年间发生的ML≥2．0的地震进行了重新定位。重新定位后得到410个地震事件的精确震源参数。结果表明,重新定位后的震中分布呈明显的条带状,且更加集中。定位后的平均震源深度为9．35km,其中又以地面下2km～14km为发震优势层。  相似文献   

中强地震前朝阳地震台地倾斜异常特征分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王玉莹  王爱东  赵永志  贾晓东 《东北地震研究》2008,24(1):1-7

辽宁省朝阳地震台地倾斜长期可靠的资料,在多次中强地震前出现明显的中短期异常,为预报地震提供了重要依据。本文研究讨论了距朝阳台600km范围内发生的10次地震（4．5≤M≤6．2）前兆异常特征,结果表明：朝阳台倾斜异常的时间、形态、方向与所处的构造位置有关。异常持续时间与震中距呈现明显的线性关系,异常形态与地震的空间位置有关,短期异常是判定地震发生时间的重要指标。在此基础上判断朝阳地倾斜目前所处的异常阶段,分析预测了未来地震发生的区域和强度。  相似文献